Across the Middle East and North Africa, ensuring a reliable
supply of water is a top priority, as demand soars from both rapidly growing
populations and water-intensive industries in the world’s most water‑scarce
region.
Desalination plant
By Peter Feuilherade
This article was first published in The Middle East magazine, London, December 2013 issue
Across the Middle East and North Africa, ensuring a reliable
supply of water is a top priority, as demand soars from both rapidly growing
populations and water-intensive industries in the world’s most water‑scarce
region.
Figures from the World Bank in 2012 showed a decline in per capita
renewable water resources from over 3,000 cubic metres/year in the 1950s to
around 715 in 2011, which is below the World Health Organization's water
poverty threshold of 1,000 cubic metres/year per capita.
The projected impacts of climate change on future water
availability in the MENA region are not favourable, with some countries
expected to experience up to 40% decreases in precipitation and runoff by the
end of the 21st century. "Ever-increasing water demand - coupled with
rapid population and economic growth - will likely add to the region’s water
stress and pose serious challenges to the region’s future development prospects,"
the World Bank argues.
The rate of water extraction is also far greater than
natural replenishment. The Abu Dhabi‑based Arab Water Academy estimates the
collective water shortage of 17 Arab countries at over 30 billion cubic metres,
a deficit which is expected to triple by 2030 and increase to over 150 billion
cubic metres by 2050.
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) intends to complete a
common regional water network by 2020, as part of efforts to address rising population
growth in the Gulf region over the next three decades,
Four of the six GCC states - Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait and
Saudi Arabia - are ranked as the most heavily affected by water scarcity in the
world. According to the global management consulting firm Booz & Company,
Saudi Arabia and the UAE respectively consume 91% and 83% more water per capita
than the global average, while Qatar and Oman also use more than the global
average.
However, the GCC countries, in the words of a recent report
by the Oxford Business Group (OBG), "are in the unique position of being
able to leverage their considerable wealth to invest in developing technologies
and innovations with the aim of gaining a competitive advantage in the global
water sector".
Most of the GCC's water supplies come from desalination. As
the OBG report notes, the GCC already accounts for 57% of the world's
desalination capacity, and GCC countries plan to invest more than 100 billion
dollars between 2011 and 2016 to develop more efficient desalination
technologies, wastewater recycling and building water treatment facilities.
Regional water
network
The GCC is conducting technical studies in the Saudi capital
Riyadh, eastern Saudi Arabia and northern Oman as part of plans to build a regional
water network.
The total cost of building the network is estimated at 10.5
billion dollars - 3 billion to build desalination plants and 7.5 billion for
pipelines, pumping stations and reservoirs.
In Oman, environmental impact assessments will also be
carried out to identify the best places to build desalination plants in Sohar, the
sultanate's industrial hub 200 km north of Muscat, and Al Ashkharah, on the
Arabian Sea. Oman also plans to build strategic water storage reservoirs in
Muscat to avert a crisis if desalination plants are disrupted.
Other GCC water projects in the next few years will see Saudi
Arabia complete the world’s largest desalination plant in Ras al-Khair on the Persian
Gulf. Abu Dhabi will add more than 30 million gallons per day of desalination
capacity to its water network following a green light for a power and water
plant extension at Mirfa. And Kuwait is constructing two reverse osmosis
desalination plants that will produce nearly 50 million gallons of water per
day.
High price of
desalination
Desalination, however, carries enormous economic and
environmental costs. Despite efficiency improving more than fivefold since
1979, to desalinate a cubic metre of seawater costs one dollar, making it a
relatively expensive way of producing potable water.
The desalination process also discharges salt back into the
Arabian Gulf and other oceanic sources, jeopardizing their marine life and
introducing new environmental risks, the Booz & Company study said.
Seawater desalination is an energy-intensive process,
consuming eight times more energy than groundwater projects, and accounting for
between 10% and 25% of energy consumption in the GCC.
The current almost total reliance on fossil fuels for water
desalination is not sustainable - Saudi Arabia alone uses 1.5 million barrels
of oil per day in its plants. This adds to the problems of energy intensity
already plaguing the region.
Many of the problems related to desalination could be
reduced by replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. This would cut
the cost of energy consumption, which accounts for 30‑50% of total water
desalination costs. A gigawatt of energy produced by oil and gas generates 700
and 460 tonnes of carbon dioxide respectively. The same amount of energy
produced by solar energy (concentrated solar power – CSP) releases just 17 tonnes
of carbon dioxide, according to Dr Asma El Kasmi, director of the Arab Water
Academy.
Her views mesh with those of the World Bank, whose report
"Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close MENA’s Water
Gap" recommended greater investments in renewable energy and suggested
that CSP was the most suitable source of renewable energy, owing to its
scalability and ability to provide energy 24 hours a day. The World Bank report
noted, however, that CSP may only be an option in the long term because of its
current high cost.
Dr Nasser Saidi, founder and president of Nasser Saidi &
Associates, an economic advisory and consulting company based in Dubai, notes
that although the MENA region is home to 6.3% of the world’s population, it has
access to only 1.4% of the world’s renewable fresh water. "To make matters
worse, the region currently exploits over 75% of its available renewable water
resources due to its burgeoning population, increased urbanization, mispricing
of water and rapid economic growth," he warned in an article on the Gulf
Business website in October 2013.
"Saudi Arabia in an ill-fated drive to increase food
production has - over a 15-year period - largely depleted its water aquifer
that had taken millions of years to accumulate. It will be forced to stop its
wheat production by 2016. Yemen is already a hydrological basket case and Gaza
is an ecological disaster," Saidi commented. In the GCC, a major policy
issue is that "the bulk of the region’s water is misdirected into agriculture,
a sector that provides less than five per cent of GDP".
Overcoming water scarcity, Saidi argues, requires a
combination of ecosystem and water management systems, improved efficiency and
pricing of water use, and investment in water infrastructure.
To close the "water gap" in this region, the World
Bank estimates that approximately 104 billion dollars per year will be needed,
equivalent to about 6% of the MENA region's GDP. However, the Bank warns that
the costs of failing to take action could be even higher, reaching up to
300-400 billion dollars per year.
